Inspiration from nature: What can we learn from fiber composite design in plants?

Plants are sessile organisms that must adapt to the environmental conditions prevailing in their habitat while maintaining an optimal resource balance between biomaterial increase (growth), reproductive investment (flower, seed and fruit development) and adaptive response (self-repair, load-adapted growth, seasonal regrowth etc.). They possess a resource, energy and mechanically efficient hierarchically organized bauplan that is characterized by low weight, little material at the right positions, biodegradable materials, self-assembly and multifunctionality. At least three levels of structural hierarchy comprise of a fiber-reinforced design: biomolecules (nm; cellulose fibers), cells (nm-μm; sclerenchyma, wood fibers etc.) and tissue (μm-mm; vascular bundles). It is therefore not surprising that most biofibers are derived from plants (wood and annual plants). But can we also learn from the construction strategies of the fiber-reinforced design in plants for technology?

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